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Global Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion is committed to dissemination of high-quality research related to the latest trends and advances in the field of Hematology and Blood Transfusion.

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International Journal of Nuclear Medicine Research provides an authoritative setting for the publication of high quality internationally-relevant research with respect to the field of Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Medicine is crucial to early diagnosis and treatment of diseases that threaten human lives.

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International Journal of Advanced Applied Physics Research is a refereed and highly professional journal that publishes premium theoretical and pragmatic papers in the field of Applied Physics.

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International Journal of Cardiology and Lipidology Research is a peer reviewed medical journal which strengthen the research and educational base of Cardiology and Lipidology.We publish original research articles, reviews, case studies, conference papers and short notes related to aforementioned field.

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Journal of Advanced Neuroscience Research is a peer reviewed scientific journal providing fascinating and unique forum for publishing original experimental and review articles.

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World Journal of Oncology Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which strengthens the research and educational base of Oncology.

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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research Updates is an international peer reviewed journal related to latest advances in all areas of clinical medicine.

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International Journal of Food Processing Technology is a peer reviewed scientific journal providing an authoritative setting for the publication of internationally-relevant research.

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Journal of Translational Proteomics Research is a scientific journal providing a scholarly forum for novel scientific research in the field of translational proteomics.

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Latest Issue of “ International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology” has published. Visit link; “ Latest Issue" ....! Special Issue of “International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology” is scheduled for Feb-2022..! Kindly Visit link: “Special Issues for IJMST”

Abstract: Leaching Hazardous Substances out of Photovoltaic Modules

International Journal of Advanced Applied Physics Research (Volume 2 Issue 2)
Leaching Hazardous Substances out of Photovoltaic Modules
Pages 7-14 Renate Zapf-Gottwick, Michael Koch, Klaus Fischer, Fred Schwerdt, Lars Hamann, Martin Kranert, Jörg W. Metzger, and Jürgen H. Werner DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/2408-977X.2015.02.02.2 Published: 01 December 2015
Abstract
Photovoltaic modules contain hazardous substances such as lead and cadmium. Under normal operation conditions, these materials will not be released into the environment. This study identifies conditions resulting in release. Our worst case study uses milled module pieces of 0.2 mm size. Depending on the pH value of water based solutions, more or less amounts of hazardous substances are leached out. Solutions with low pH values (acidic solutions) yield substantial leaching. Three different solutions simulate different environmental conditions: i) “low mineralized water” conditions, via water containing sodium hydroxide, ii) “sea water” conditions, via water containing sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, and iii) “rainwater” conditions, via water containing acetic acid. In “rain water”-like solutions with low pH, already after a few days, around 30 % of the cadmium is leached out from milled cadmium telluride module pieces, increasing to 50 % after 56 days! In the same time, more than 15 % of lead is leached out from c-Si module pieces. Tellurium elutes in the range of 30 to 40 % with a weak dependence on the pH value of the solution indicating an instability of the compound cadmiumtelluride out of the cadmiumtelluride modules. Most of the extractions increase during several weeks of measurement. Therefore, the usual one-day-elution test does not give enough information. Meaningful leaching experiments should last for at least ten days.
Keywords
Cadmium, elution, Hazardous substances, Lead, pH dependence.

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